VAT Calculator
Add VAT to a net price, or pull the VAT back out of a gross amount.
Adding vs. removing VAT
Adding is easy: gross = net × (1 + rate). Removing trips people up: divide, don't subtract a percentage. Gross ÷ 1.20 gives the net at 20% VAT. Subtracting 20% from the gross undershoots, because the VAT was 20% of the smaller net amount.
Common rates
Standard rates: UK 20%, Ireland 23%, Germany 19%, France 20%, Spain 21%, Italy 22%, Netherlands 21%, Sweden/Denmark/Norway 25%. Most countries also run reduced rates for food, books and transport, so check which rate applies to your goods.